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<b>请注意:</b><br>本书基于 Elasticsearch 2.x 版本，有些内容可能已经过时。
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<h2 class="title">
<a id="using-synonyms"></a>使用同义词<a class="edit_me edit_me_private" rel="nofollow" title="Editing on GitHub is available to Elastic" href="https://github.com/elasticsearch-cn/elasticsearch-definitive-guide/edit/cn/260_Synonyms/20_Using_synonyms.asciidoc">edit</a>
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<p>同义词可以取代现有的语汇单元或  通过使用  <a href="/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/5.6/analysis-synonym-tokenfilter.html" class="ulink" target="_top"> <code class="literal">同义词</code> 语汇单元过滤器</a>，添加到语汇单元流中：</p>
<div class="pre_wrapper lang-json">
<pre class="programlisting prettyprint lang-json">PUT /my_index
{
  "settings": {
    "analysis": {
      "filter": {
        "my_synonym_filter": {
          "type": "synonym", <a id="CO178-1"></a><i class="conum" data-value="1"></i>
          "synonyms": [ <a id="CO178-2"></a><i class="conum" data-value="2"></i>
            "british,english",
            "queen,monarch"
          ]
        }
      },
      "analyzer": {
        "my_synonyms": {
          "tokenizer": "standard",
          "filter": [
            "lowercase",
            "my_synonym_filter" <a id="CO178-3"></a><i class="conum" data-value="3"></i>
          ]
        }
      }
    }
  }
}</pre>
</div>
<div class="calloutlist">
<table border="0" summary="Callout list">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" width="5%">
<p><a href="#CO178-1"><i class="conum" data-value="1"></i></a></p>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">
<p>首先，我们定义了一个 <code class="literal">同义词</code> 类型的语汇单元过滤器。</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" width="5%">
<p><a href="#CO178-2"><i class="conum" data-value="2"></i></a></p>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">
<p>我们在 <a class="xref" href="synonym-formats.html" title="同义词格式">同义词格式</a> 中讨论同义词格式。</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" width="5%">
<p><a href="#CO178-3"><i class="conum" data-value="3"></i></a></p>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">
<p>然后我们创建了一个使用 <code class="literal">my_synonym_filter</code> 的自定义分析器。</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="tip admon">
<div class="icon"></div>
<div class="admon_content">
<p>同义词可以使用 <code class="literal">synonym</code> 参数来内嵌指定，或者必须  存在于集群每一个节点上的同义词文件中。
同义词文件路径由 <code class="literal">synonyms_path</code> 参数指定，应绝对或相对于 Elasticsearch <code class="literal">config</code> 目录。参照 <a class="xref" href="using-stopwords.html#updating-stopwords" title="更新停用词（Updating Stopwords）">更新停用词（Updating Stopwords）</a> 的技巧，可以用来刷新的同义词列表。</p>
</div>
</div>
<p>通过 <code class="literal">analyze</code> API 来测试我们的分析器，显示如下：</p>
<div class="pre_wrapper lang-json">
<pre class="programlisting prettyprint lang-json">GET /my_index/_analyze?analyzer=my_synonyms
Elizabeth is the English queen</pre>
</div>
<div class="pre_wrapper lang-text">
<pre class="programlisting prettyprint lang-text">Pos 1: (elizabeth)
Pos 2: (is)
Pos 3: (the)
Pos 4: (british,english) <a id="CO179-1"></a><i class="conum" data-value="1"></i>
Pos 5: (queen,monarch) <a id="CO179-2"></a><i class="conum" data-value="1"></i></pre>
</div>
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<table border="0" summary="Callout list">
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<td align="left" valign="top" width="5%">
<p><a href="#CO179-1"><i class="conum" data-value="1"></i></a><a href="#CO179-2"></a></p>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">
<p>所有同义词与原始词项占有同一个位置。</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p>这样的一个文件将匹配任何以下的查询： <code class="literal">English queen</code> 、<code class="literal">British queen</code> 、 <code class="literal">English monarch</code> 或 <code class="literal">British monarch</code> 。
即使是一个短语查询也将会工作，因为每个词项的位置已被保存。</p>
<div class="tip admon">
<div class="icon"></div>
<div class="admon_content">
<p>在索引和搜索中使用相同的同义词语汇单元过滤器是多余的。  如果在索引的时候，我们用 <code class="literal">english</code> 和 <code class="literal">british</code> 这两个术语代替 <code class="literal">English</code> ，
然后在搜索的时候，我们只需要搜索这些词项中的一个。或者，如果在索引的时候我们不使用同义词，然后在搜索的时候，我们将需要把对 <code class="literal">English</code> 的查询转换为 <code class="literal">english</code> 或者 <code class="literal">british</code> 的查询。</p>
<p>是否在搜索或索引的时候做同义词扩展可能是一个困难的选择。我们将探索更多的选择 <a class="xref" href="synonyms-expand-or-contract.html" title="扩展或收缩">扩展或收缩</a>。</p>
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